Breakwaters release date6/1/2023 ![]() Armor units at the outer layer absorb most of the energy and under-layers prevent transmission of the wave energy. Rubble mound is a flexible, heterogeneous, trapezoidal structure consisting of quarried rocks in the core and artificial armor as a protection cover. Depending upon the availability of rocks, depth of water, geotechnical nature of the sea bed, and its functional requirement, breakwaters are classified as rubble mound breakwaters, caisson type, and composite breakwaters. It creates tranquility in and around the harbor side for smooth transactions of ships. A case study of one such port, that of Phan Thiet in Vietnam, was used to showcase the problems involved.īreakwaters are offshore structures constructed to protect the coastal and port structures from uncertain and extreme wave conditions. ![]() The generic average increases in breakwater cross-sections were evaluated for 4 different rates of sea level rise showing that for the more extreme cases (for a sea level rise of 1.3m over 50 years) a breakwater designed in 2050 could require between 8% (for the deeper sections) and 66% (for the shallower sections) more material than one designed in the 20 th century not taking into account sea level rise. This will alter the traditional port and breakwater design philosophy and lead to substantial increases in the cost to build and maintain these costly structures, especially in countries with relatively shallow coastal bathymetries such as Vietnam. Although this phenomenon is widely understood, the authors in the present chapter argue that an acceleration in the pace of sea level rise will require a more detailed assessment of risks and maintenance of breakwaters than at present, especially after 2050. Climate change is expected to lead to increases in sea levels which could threaten the stability of rubble mound breakwaters in the future, as greater water depth will allow larger heights to reach the structures.
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